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I would definitely order from them again! A brief but descriptive overview of various diagnosis. A must have for the Psychology student! Skip to main content. Share - Psych Notes by Darlene D.
Pedersen , Spiral, Revised edition. Psych Notes by Darlene D. Pedersen , Spiral, Revised edition 5. About this product. New other. Make an offer:. Stock photo. Brand new: Lowest price The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging where packaging is applicable. See all 4 brand new listings. Hypertensive crisis is an emergency. Contraindicated: Amphetamines, pseudoephedrine, etc; other selegiline products Eldepryl.
Monitor BP, also for headache, nausea, stiff neck, palpitations. Close monitoring of children for suicidality. Read full prescribing information. CSE: Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, fatigue, insomnia, nausea, diarrhea, dry mouth, sexual dysfunction, sweating, tremor. Start with lower dose. Do not use with St. Use: Schizophrenia CSE: Sedation, blurred vision, dry eyes, hypotension, constipation, dry mouth, photosensitivity. Be sion, severe liver or especially careful cardiovascular with debilitated disease.
Monitor patients. Monitor for agranulocytosis; occurs between 4—10 wk of Rx. Topiramate has not been shown to be as effective as monotherapy in bipolar disorder, may be efficacious as adjunctive treatment. Concomitant use with valproic acid associated with hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Monitor for alterations in LOC, cognitive function, lethargy, vomiting. Insomnia: 25— mg hs. Use: Major depression. Classification Assessment Cautions Antiparkinson Contraindicated: Glaucoma, thyrotoxicosis, tachycardia due to cardiac insufficiency , acute hemorrhage.
Alcohol intolerance Elixir only. Additive effects with anticholinergic drugs and CNS depressants. XR: Antidepressant Caution with preexisting hypertension. Monitor blood pressure risk of sustained hypertension [treatment emergent] ; may be dose-related. Concurrent MAOI therapy contraindicated. Possible serotonin syndrome with SAMe, St. Use no longer than 7—10 d. Risk of falls. Avoid other CNS depressants alcohol, opioids, kava.
Evaluate palpitations, syncope. Agents pimozide that prolong QT interval are contrainidicated. Avoid CNS depressants. For short-term treatment of insomnia; after 2 wk avoid abrupt withdrawal. ALERT: Refer to the Physicians Desk Reference or product insert prescribing information for complete and current drug information dosages, warnings, indications, adverse effects, interactions, etc.
Although every effort has been made to provide key information about medications and classes of drugs, such information is not and cannot be all-inclusive in a reference of this nature and should not be used for prescribing or administering of medications. The FDA also wants all manufacturers of sedatives-hypnotics to warn about possible severe allergic reactions as well as complex-sleep related behaviors, such as sleep-driving.
Intervention — Establish relationship, help understand event and explore feelings, and explore alternative coping strategies. Neighbors and friends may be lost as well as reliable and familiar places and supports neighborhoods, towns, rescue services. With terrorism and war, loss may involve body parts self-image and a sense of trust and safety. Previous beliefs may be challenged. The long-term effects on both individuals and future generations cannot be underestimated, and all health-care professionals need to familiarize themselves with disaster and terrorism preparedness.
The psychological effects cannot be minimized, and mental health and all health-care professionals need to recognize the signs of post-traumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, substance abuse, suicide, and grief. Let me live to see my grandchild born or my child graduate from college. Depression — after time, loss, pain, the person realizes that the situation and course of illness will not improve; necessary stage to reach acceptance.
Tension Building — Anger with little provocation; minor battering and excuses. Tension mounts and victim tries to placate.
Victim assumes guilt: I deserve to be abused. Phase II. Acute Battering — Most violent, up to 24 hours. Beating may be severe, and victim may provoke to get it over. Minimized by abuser. Help sought by victim if life-threatening or fear for children.
Phase III. Calm, Loving, Respite — Batterer is loving, kind, contrite. Fear of victim leaving. Victim hopes the previous phases will not repeat themselves. Starts all over again — dangerous, and victim often killed Walker Pharmacokinetics in the Elderly Pharmacokinetics is the way that a drug is absorbed, distributed and used, metabolized, and excreted by the body.
What stopped you? Depressive Disorders A maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor that occurs within 3 months after onset of the stressor. The individual shows impairment in social and occupational functioning or exhibits symptoms that are in excess of a normal and expectable reaction to the stressor. The behavioral expression of emotion; may be appropriate congruent with the situation ; inappropriate incongruent with the situation ; constricted or blunted diminished range and intensity ; or flat absence of emotional expression.
The fear of being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help might not be available in the event of a panic attack. Restlessness; an urgent need for movement. A type of extrapyramidal side effect associated with some antipsychotic medications.
Muscular weakness or a loss or partial loss of muscle movement; a type of extrapyramidal side effect associated with some antipsychotic medications. An inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness.
The inability to experience or even imagine any pleasant emotion. Loss of appetite. Inability to achieve orgasm. A subjective state of emotional, physical, and social responses to an anticipated loss of a valued entity. The grief response is repeated once the loss actually occurs, but it may not be as intense as it might have been if anticipatory grieving had not occurred. A pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior, evident in the tendency to fail to conform to the law, develop stable relationships, or sustain consistent employment; exploitation and manipulation of others for personal gain is common.
Vague diffuse apprehension that is associated with feelings of uncertainty and helplessness. Sometimes called loose associations, a thinking process characterized by speech in which ideas shift from one unrelated subject to another. The individual is unaware that the topics are unconnected.
Muscular incoordination. A frame of reference around which an individual organizes knowledge about his or her world. It includes an emotional element and can have a positive or negative connotation. A focus inward on a fantasy world and distorting or excluding the external environment; common in schizophrenia. The withdrawal of an infant or child into the self and into a fantasy world of his or her own creation.
There is marked impairment in interpersonal functioning and communication and in imaginative play. Activities and interests are restricted and may be considered somewhat bizarre. A treatment modality aimed at changing undesirable behaviors, using a system of reinforcement to bring about the modifications desired.
An idea that one holds to be true. It can be rational, irrational, taken on faith, or stereotypical. An accumulation of grief that occurs when an individual experiences many losses over a short period and is unable to resolve one before another is experienced. This phenomenon is common among the elderly. Characterized by mood swings from profound depression to extreme euphoria mania , with intervening periods of normalcy.
Psychotic symptoms may or may not be present. A disorder characterized by a pattern of intense and chaotic relationships, with affective instability, fluctuating and extreme attitudes regarding other people, impulsivity, direct and indirect self-destructive behavior, and lack of a clear or certain sense of identity, life plan, or values.
The level of participation and interaction between individuals and between subsystems. Boundaries denote physical and psychological space individuals identify as their own. They are sometimes referred to as limits. C catatonia. A type of schizophrenia that is typified by stupor or excitement: stupor characterized by extreme psychomotor retardation, mutism, negativism, and posturing; excitement by psychomotor agitation, in which the movements are frenzied and purposeless.
In speaking, the delay of an individual to reach the point of a communication owing to unnecessary and tedious details. A pattern of speech in which the choice of words is governed by sounds. Clang associations often take the form of rhyming. An exaggerated dependent pattern of learned behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that make life painful. It is a dependence on people and things outside the self, along with neglect of the self to the point of having little self-identity.
Mental operations that relate to logic, awareness, intellect, memory, language, and reasoning powers. A type of therapy in which the individual is taught to control thought distortions that are considered to be a factor in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders.
Covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait one considers more desirable. Thought processes that are focused on specifics rather than on generalities and immediate issues rather than eventual outcomes. Individuals who are experiencing concrete thinking are unable to comprehend abstract terminology. The right of an individual to the assurance that his or her case will not be discussed outside the boundaries of the health-care team. Psychological disequilibrium in a person who confronts a hazardous circumstance that constitutes an important problem, which for the time he or she can neither escape nor solve with usual problem-solving resources.
The focus is to provide guidance and support to help mobilize the resources needed to resolve the crisis and restore or generate an improvement in previous level of functioning. Usually lasts no longer than 6 to 8 weeks. A female folk healer in the Latino culture. A male folk healer in the Latino culture. Three phases of predictable behaviors that are repeated over time in a relationship between a batterer and a victim: the tensionbuilding phase; the acute battering incident; and the calm, loving respite honeymoon phase.
A chronic mood disturbance involving numerous episodes of hypomania and depressed mood, of insufficient severity or duration to meet the criteria for bipolar disorder.
D delayed grief. Also called inhibited grief. The absence of evidence of grief when it ordinarily would be expected. A state of mental confusion and excitement characterized by disorientation to time and place, often with hallucinations, incoherent speech, and a continual state of aimless physical activity.
Global impairment of cognitive functioning that is progressive and interferes with social and occupational abilities. An alteration in the perception or experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal. Standard nomenclature of emotional illness published by the American Psychiatric Association APA and used by all health-care practitioners.
It classifies mental illness and presents guidelines and diagnostic criteria for various mental disorders. Feelings are transferred from one target to another that is considered less threatening or neutral. Pain during sexual intercourse. A depressive neurosis. The symptoms are similar to, if somewhat milder than, those ascribed to major depression. There is no loss of contact with reality.
Involuntary muscular movements spasms of the face, arms, legs, and neck; may occur as an extrapyramidal side effect of some antipsychotic medications. E echolalia. The parrot-like repetition by an individual with loose ego boundaries of the words spoken by another. A type of somatic treatment in which electric current is applied to the brain through electrodes placed on the temples. A grand mal seizure produces the desired effect. This is used with severely depressed patients refractory to antidepressant medications.
With empathy, one can accurately perceive and understand the meaning and relevance in the thoughts and feelings of another. Exaggerated connectedness among family members.
It occurs in response to diffuse boundaries in which there is overinvestment, overinvolvement, and lack of differentiation between individuals or subsystems.
The concept of people identifying with each other because of a shared heritage. A variety of responses that originate outside the pyramidal tracts and in the basal ganglion of the brain.
Symptoms may include tremors, chorea, dystonia, akinesia, and akathisia, and others may occur as a side effect of some antipsychotic medications. F family system. A system in which the parts of the whole may be the marital dyad, parent-child dyad, or sibling groups.
Each of these subsystems is further divided into subsystems of individuals. A type of therapy in which the focus is on relationships within the family. The family is viewed as a system in which the members are interdependent, and a change in one creates change in all.
A technique used to help individuals bring to consciousness material that has been repressed. The individual is encouraged to verbalize whatever comes into his or her mind, drifting naturally from one thought to another.
G gains. The reinforcements an individual receives for somaticizing. A sense of discomfort associated with an incongruence between biologically assigned gender and subjectively experienced gender. A disorder characterized by chronic at least 6 months , unrealistic, and excessive anxiety and worry. A graphic representation of a family system. It may cover several generations.
Emphasis is on family roles and emotional relatedness among members. Genograms facilitate recognition of areas requiring change. A subjective state of emotional, physical, and social responses to the real or perceived loss of a valued entity. Change and failure can also be perceived as losses. The grief response consists of a set of relatively predictable behaviors that describe the subjective state that accompanies mourning. A therapy group, founded in a specific theoretical framework, led by a person with an advanced degree in psychology, social work, nursing, or medicine.
The goal is to encourage improvement in interpersonal functioning. False sensory perceptions not associated with real external stimuli.
Hallucinations may involve any of the five senses. Conscious or unconscious overly dramatic behavior used for drawing attention to oneself. The virus that is the etiological agent that produces the immunosuppression resulting in AIDS. Excessive sleepiness or seeking excessive amounts of sleep.
A potentially life-threatening syndrome that results when an individual taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors MAOIs eats a product high in tyramine or uses a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor too soon either before or after stopping an MAOI. A treatment for disorders brought on by repressed anxiety. The individual is directed into a state of subconsciousness and assisted, through suggestions, to recall certain events that he or she cannot recall when conscious.
A mild form of mania. Symptoms are excessive hyperactivity but not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization. A misperception of a real external stimulus. Sexual exploitation of a child under 18 years of age by a relative or nonrelative who holds a position of trust in the family.
The process used with individuals with dissociative identity disorder in an effort to bring all the personalities together into one; usually achieved through hypnosis. An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis. The beliefs and values of another individual are internalized and symbolically become a part of the self to the extent that the feeling of separateness or distinctness is lost.
The separation of a thought or a memory from the feeling, tone, or emotions associated with it sometimes called emotional isolation.
J justice. An ethical principle reflecting that all individuals should be treated equally and fairly. A recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use or monetary value.
A syndrome in alcoholics of confusion, loss of recent memory, and confabulation, caused by a deficiency of thiamine. L libido. Memory for remote events, or those that occurred many years ago. The type of memory that is preserved in the elderly individual. The experience of separation from something of personal importance. The word for mourning in the Mexican-American culture, which is symbolized by wearing black, black and white, or dark clothing and by subdued behavior.
M magical thinking. A primitive form of thinking in which an individual believes that thinking about a possible occurrence can make it happen.
A type of bipolar disorder in which the predominant mood is elevated, expansive, or irritable. Motor activity is frenzied and excessive. Psychotic features may or may not be present. A severe form of major depressive episode. Symptoms are exaggerated, and interest or pleasure in virtually all activities is lost. A method of stress reduction that employs the imagination. The individual focuses imagination on a scenario that is particularly relaxing to him or her e.
Also called therapeutic community, or therapeutic environment. Learning new behaviors by imitating the behaviors of others. The psychological process or stages through which the individual passes on the way to successful adaptation to the loss of a valued object.
A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-worth. An individual lacks empathy and is hypersensitive to the evaluation of others. New words a psychotic person invents that are meaningless to others but that have symbolic meaning to that individual. Antipsychotic medication used to prevent or control psychotic symptoms. A rare but potentially fatal complication of treatment with neuroleptic drugs.
Symptoms include severe muscle rigidity, high fever, tachycardia, fluctuations in blood pressure, diaphoresis, and rapid deterioration of mental status to stupor and coma. A chemical that is stored in the axon terminals of the presynaptic neuron. An electrical impulse through the neuron stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft, which in turn determines whether another electrical impulse is generated.
Nursing diagnoses provide the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse is accountable. A dynamic, systematic process by which nurses assess, diagnose, and identify outcomes; and plan, implement, and evaluate nursing care. O obesity. The state of having a body mass index of 30 or above. A sense of separateness is established, and the child is able to internalize a sustained image of the loved object or person when out of sight.
Recurrent thoughts or ideas obsessions that an individual is unable to put out of his or her mind, and actions that an individual is unable to refrain from performing compulsions. The obsessions and compulsions are severe enough to interfere with social and occupational functioning. An attack of involuntary deviation and fixation of the eyeballs, usually in the upward position. It may last for several minutes or hours and may occur as an extrapyramidal side effect of some antipsychotic medications.
A disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, the onset of which is unpredictable and manifested by intense apprehension, fear, or terror, often associated with feelings of impending doom and accompanied by intense physical discomfort. A term that implies extreme suspiciousness. Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by persecutory delusions and hallucinations of a threatening nature.
Sometimes called indirect aggression, this behavior takes the form of sly, devious, and undermining actions that express the opposite of what the person is really feeling. Recurrent urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child. Persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions.
Deeply ingrained patterns of behavior, which include the way one relates to, perceives, and thinks about the environment and oneself.
An irrational fear. The fear of being humiliated in social situations. Depression that occurs during the postpartum period. It may be related to hormonal changes, tryptophan metabolism, or alterations in membrane transport during the early postpartum period. Other predisposing factors may also be influential. A syndrome of symptoms that develop following a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience e.
The individual is unable to put the experience out of his or her mind and has nightmares, flashbacks, and panic attacks. Behaviors predictive of potential violence. They include excessive motor activity, tense posture, defiant affect, clenched teeth and fists, and other arguing, demanding, and threatening behaviors. Prolonged painful penile erection; may occur as an adverse effect of some antidepressant medications, particularly trazodone. A method of deep muscle relaxation in which each muscle group is alternately tensed and relaxed in a systematic order, with the person concentrating on the contrast of sensations experienced from tensing and relaxing.
Attributing to another person feelings or impulses unacceptable to oneself. Symptoms of depression that mimic those of dementia.
Extreme slowdown of physical movements. Posture slumps, speech is slowed, and digestion becomes sluggish. Common in severe depression. A serious psychiatric disorder in which there is a gross disorganization of the personality, a marked disturbance in reality testing, and the impairment of interpersonal functioning and relationship to the external world.
R rape. The expression of power and dominance by means of sexual violence, most commonly by men over women, although men may also be rape victims. Rape is considered an act of aggression, not of passion. The development between two people in a relationship of special feelings based on mutual acceptance, warmth, friendliness, common interest, a sense of trust, and a nonjudgmental attitude. Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors.
Preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors. A retreat to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning. A process of life review by elderly individuals that promotes self-esteem and provides assistance in working through unresolved conflicts from the past.
Purposeless activities that an individual performs repeatedly in an effort to decrease anxiety e. S schizoid personality disorder.
A profound defect in the ability to form personal relationships or to respond to others in any meaningful, emotional way. A disorder characterized by odd and eccentric behavior, not decompensating to the level of schizophrenia.
The amount of regard or respect that individuals have for themselves. It is a measure of worth that they place on their abilities and judgments. In learning, one shapes the behavior of another by giving reinforcements for increasingly closer approximations to the desired behavior.
The ability to remember events that occurred very recently. This ability deteriorates with age. Educational opportunities through role-play for the person with schizophrenia to learn appropriate social interaction skills and functional skills that are relevant to daily living.
A primitive ego defense mechanism in which the person is unable to integrate and accept both positive and negative feelings. In their view, people, including themselves, and life situations are all good or all bad. This trait is common in borderline personality disorder. The process of classifying all individuals from the same culture or ethnic group as identical.
Use of psychoactive drugs that poses significant hazards to health and interferes with social, occupational, psychological, or physical functioning.
Physical dependence is identified by the inability to stop using a substance despite attempts to do so; a continual use of the substance despite adverse consequences; a developing tolerance; and the development of withdrawal symptoms upon cessation or decreased intake.
Psychological dependence is said to exist when a substance is perceived by the user to be necessary to maintain an optimal state of personal well-being, interpersonal relations, or skill performance. The use of various medications to decrease the intensity of symptoms in an individual who is withdrawing from, or experiencing the effects of excessive use of, substances.
One of the three elements of the personality identified by Freud; represents the conscience and the culturally determined restrictions that are placed on an individual. A symbiotic relationship is normal between infant and mother. Differs from empathy in that with empathy one experiences an objective understanding of what another is feeling rather than actually sharing those feelings.
A treatment for phobias in which the individual is taught to relax and then asked to imagine various components of the phobic stimulus on a graded hierarchy, moving from that which produces the least fear to that which produces the most. T tangentiality. The inability to get to the point of a story. The speaker introduces many unrelated topics until the original topic of discussion is lost. Syndrome of symptoms characterized by bizarre facial and tongue movements, a stiff neck, and difficulty swallowing.
It may occur as an adverse effect of long-term therapy with some antipsychotic medications. A self-taught technique that an individual uses each time he or she wishes to eliminate intrusive or negative unwanted thoughts from awareness.
A three-person emotional configuration that is considered the basic building block of the family system. When anxiety becomes too great between two family members, a third person is brought in to form a triangle.
Triangles are dysfunctional in that they offer relief from anxiety through diversion rather than through resolution of the issue. An amino acid found in aged cheeses or other aged, overripe, and fermented foods; broad beans; pickled herring; beef or chicken liver; preserved meats; beer and wine; yeast products; chocolate; caffeinated drinks; canned figs; sour cream; yogurt; soy sauce; and some over-thecounter cold medications and diet pills.
If foods high in tyramine content are consumed when an individual is taking MAOIs, a potentially lifethreatening syndrome called hypertensive crisis can result.
U unconditional positive regard. A mechanism used to symbolically negate or cancel out a previous action or experience that one finds intolerable.
One curative factor of groups identified by Yalom in which individuals realize that they are not alone in a problem and in the thoughts and feelings they are experiencing. Anxiety is relieved by the support and understanding of others in the group who share similar experiences.
In the Mexican-American culture, large numbers of family and friends gather following a death for a festive watch over the body of the deceased person before burial. A brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency and characterized by visual disturbances, ataxia, somnolence, stupor, and, without thiamine replacement, death. A group of words that are put together in a random fashion without any logical connection.
Legal, Ethical and Political Issues in Nursing, 2nd ed. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Psychiatric Nursing: Biological and Behavioral Concepts. Handbook of Psychiatric Drug Therapy, 5th ed. Table 1: Responses of major organs to autonomic nerve impulses. Update in Anaesthesia ; issue 5, article 6. Psychiatr Neurosci 31 5 — Bateson G. Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity.
London: Wildwood House, Bateson G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind. London: Paladin, Bleuler E. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice.
Depression: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Epidemiology of psychosis with special reference to schizophrenia. Textbook in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Epidemiology of schizophrenia: Findings implicate neurodevelopmental insults early in life. Influence of family life on the course of schizophrenic disorders: A replication. Rape trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. A retrospective cohort study of diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in the United States.
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